By Liviu Feller, Razia A.G. Khammissa and Johan Lemme IntechOpen Limited Melanin has also been used to treat various types of malignant cancer tumors, disorders of the immune system including AIDS, diseases of blood origin and disorders due to the disturbances in cell homeostasis, and complex and hardly curable mental disorders (schizophrenia, epilepsy) involving nervous and other regulatory systems. Melanin, the central pigment within our skin, and distributed throughout our bodies, is one of the most interesting biomolecules identified thus far. The fungi grown under red light have no effect, and green or yellow light resulted in worsening effect in all the fungi, thus postulating the existence of photoreceptors responsive to dark and light in all the fungi. To investigate whether dietary melanin might confer some of these powers to animals, scientists at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine fed melanin-rich mushroomsthe kind most of usknow as Judass ear or jelly earto mice. Studies have shown that melanin of zoopathogenic and phytopathogenic fungi is essential for their parasitizing, due to its antioxidant properties [101]. These nutrients may regulate the expression of genes of interest and activate important metabolic pathways for the production of pigments [45, 58, 59]. I have summarised and bulletpointed his main points. In an eye-opening statement, researchers noted that these effects need to be studied in humans but that in nuclear emergencies, diets rich in melanin may be beneficial to overcome radiation toxicity in humans.31. It has also been reported that melanin thin films possess highly desirable physical and biological properties that make them ideal for organic bioelectronic devices [130]. They can grow in different culture systems (submerged and solid), and fermentation protocols have been established for large-scale industrial processes. Despite the difference in their origins, melanin pigments have a number of common characteristics that allow them to fulfill their protective function. Want to read. Melanin pigment of Fonsecaea pedrosoi has antioxidant potential by reducing Fe(III) to Fe(II), ensuring the balance of its redox chemical microenvironment and minimizing the effect of oxidation of fundamental structures on fungal growth [104]. This hypothesis is supported by the discovery of melanized fungi in soils contaminated by radioactive nuclides and areas around the damaged Chernobyl nuclear reactors, which not only survive high radiation levels but also have enhanced growth upon exposure [16, 19, 119, 120]. In cosmetic industry, there are great interests in the melanin, especially to protect against the noxious effects of UV radiation by incorporation in skin photoprotection formulations [35, 148]. 29. These results suggest that melanin from A. nidulans has potential as an anti-inflammatory agent and may be used in the future for development of new drugs with therapeutic utility [32]. The presence of unpaired electrons in the melanin structure is responsible for various properties, including antioxidant, semiconductor, optical, electronic, and radio- and photoprotective [19]. Want to read. Iain Mathewson, Did Human Hairlessness Allow NaturalPhotobiomodulation 2 Million Years Ago and Enable PhotobiomodulationTherapy Today? Hydroxylation (and decarboxylation) yields dihydroxyindoles, which can polymerize spontaneously to form DOPA-melanin [10, 27, 97]. Recent studies have shown that in industrial and roadside areas, there is an increase in the proportion of dark melanin-containing fungi, as Cladosporium and Alternaria, which were more resistant to contamination by heavy metals and unsaturated hydrocarbons. The results showed that the viability of mouse macrophages remained greater than 90% when these cells were treated with a high melanin concentration (100 g/mL), indicating that this pigment has low cytotoxicity [32]. Not only can melanin convert light into heat, but new research raises the possibility that it can also transform other forms of radiation into metabolically useful forms of energy. After 13 days, all the mice in the control group had died, and the mice that ate the nonmelaninized porcini mushrooms died almost as fast as the controls. It serves a wide range of additional physiological roles, including free radical scavenging, charge transfer, toxicant chelation, endocrine functions,16and gene protection. WebTHE GREAT BOOK OF MELANIN RESEARCH!!! 15. 9 (2008): 4396-402,https://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.108.135756. In the black yeast Hortaea werneckii, it was observed that rice bran acts as the cheapest source for increased production of melanin by than wheat bran and coconut cake [72]. It was assumed that melanin pigments, participating in redox reactions, are able to perceive the energy of radiation (UV, visible light, and radiation) and convert it into useful reducing power for metabolic processes. But this evolutionary adjustment may have come at a significant cost. WebTHE GREAT BOOK OF MELANIN RESEARCH!!! 103 pages, Paperback Published September 1, 2001 In another provocative study published in the journalToxicology and Applied Pharmacology, researchers extracted melanin from the fungusGliocephalotrichum simplexand gave it to mice just before exposing them to gamma radiation, increasing their 30-day survival by 100 percent. Scheme adapted from Ref. In order to improve performance and reduce the cost of pigments produced by microbial fermentation, it is essential to identify the nutritional and physical factors that have a greater influence on the cell growth and metabolite biosynthesis [4, 6, 39, 40]. There are 5 things that the Pineal gland is responsible for: Inner Eye I have summarised and bulletpointed his main points. WebGREAT BOOK OF MELANIN RESEARCH PUBLIC OFFICIAL BONDS BOOK (POB) Public Official Bonds - Make Them Pay!!! [3]. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. Watch on QUALIFIED IMMUNITY PACKAGES POLICE STOP/ LAW & GOV FLASHCARDS (PSFC) & (LGFC) If L-dopa is the precursor molecule, it is oxidized to dopaquinone by laccase. $33.33. Melanin has many other interesting properties, such as ultraviolet absorption, which has been utilized to prepare optical lenses or filters. This book is designed to familiarize the reader with Melanin and its chemical key to life and ALL living things, memory processes, ancient African history, sunlight, music, dancing, anti-aging, anti-cancer, religion, electromagnetism, and any other scientific and cultural parameters. Charles E. Turick et al., Gamma Radiation Interacts with Melanin toAlter Its Oxidation-Reduction Potential and Results in Electric CurrentProduction,Bioelectrochemistry82, no. Want to learn more from GreenMedInfo? neuromelanin. Watch on QUALIFIED IMMUNITY PACKAGES POLICE STOP/ LAW & GOV FLASHCARDS (PSFC) & (LGFC) This would explain the increased growth rate, even under low nutrient conditions, in certain kinds of gamma-irradiated fungi. web pages on June 15, 2018, There are no reviews yet. This study suggested that A. auricular melanin inhibits quorum-sensing (QS)-regulated biofilm formation in all strains tested without interfering with their growth [122]. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analyses showed that the three strains formed thick and compact biofilms when grown in the absence of pigment, but the presence of A. auricula melanin resulted in thinner and looser cell aggregations on surfaces instead of normal biofilm architecture. Melanin is a biological molecule associated with pigmentation in humans and animals. Melanin produced by Schizophyllum commune showed high free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner, when the melanin concentration was increased from 10 to 50 g, the scavenging activity was also increased from 87% to 96%, similar to those obtained using ascorbic acid (standard compound used to measure free radical scavenging activity) [34]. Melanin pigment extracted from several fungal species has shown the ability to scavenge free radicals (reactive nitrogen and oxygen species), becoming a potential natural antioxidant. Whereas most other biomolecules experience a destructive form of oxidative damage as a result of radiation exposure, melanin remained structurally and functionally intact, appearing capable of producing a continuous electric current that could theoretically be used to produce metabolic energy in living systems. Licensee IntechOpen. According to Dr Timothy Moore In humans, melanin is the primary determinant of skin and hair colour Fungal melanins also exhibit growth inhibitory effect against various microorganisms. Amazon.com: Melanin Research Foundation: Books 1 result RESULTS Melanin: Energy from Light and the Soul's Ascent by Melanin Research Foundation | May 3, 2015 20 Kindle $399$6.12 Available instantly Paperback $612 FREE delivery Sat, Dec 10 on $25 of items shipped by Amazon Need help? In literature, studies have confirmed that fungal melanin acts as metal chelators, enhancing the biomass-metal interaction and consequently its biosorption capacity [14]. WebMelanin: The Chemical Keys to Black Greatness (Vol. Feb 19, 2023. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Police Stop Law Packages CRC - Know Your Rights Manual - Qualified Immunity Notices Constitutional Rights Cards & Police Bond Liens! The chemical energy liberated via the dissociation and subsequent charge separation of the water molecule by melanin, in fact, has been estimated to meet over 90 percent of cellular energy needs.17, Research on the melanin-rich intraocular organ pecten in birds explains many phenomena that have eluded scientific explanation, including avian metabolism, bioenergetics, and flight mechanics, and gives us clues about our own bodies ability to use melanin for the purposes of energy. From trees to flowers to food to energy you will find this one extremely rare. Human hairlessness occurred concurrently with an augmentation in the melanin content of the skin, paving the way for a process called photomelanometabolism.19In what is known as ultrafast internal conversion, melanin can convert 99.9 percent of potentially gene-damaging ultraviolet light into harmless heat, fulfilling both sun blocking and energy-generating functions.20. on the Internet. pheomelanin. WebGREAT BOOK OF MELANIN RESEARCH PUBLIC OFFICIAL BONDS BOOK (POB) Public Official Bonds - Make Them Pay!!! This workis reproduced and distributedwith the permission of GreenMedInfo LLC. Various studies have reported the successful utilization of agro-industrial residues for the production of fungal pigments. WebMelanin, the What, the Why and the How: An Introductory Review for Materials Scientists Interested in Flexible and Versatile Polymers A. Bernardus Mostert Citation:Mostert, A.B. Access To Status Law Class #1.. What is Status?. In a similar study, [56] noted that the production of pigment by Monascus species also was favored when the fungus was grown in the dark. Owing to its semiconductor property, melanin becomes a promising material for organic bioelectronic devices like transistors, sensors, and batteries [121]. isolated from a wall surface, indicating its potential application as effective paint additives [123]. Since the substrates for the production of pigment strongly influence the cost of the bioprocess, there is a need to select cheap and efficient substrates to make the process economically viable on the industrial scale. Rate this book. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Fungal melanins are negatively charged, hydrophobic pigments of high molecular weight formed by oxidative polymerization from phenolic and/or indolic compounds, such as glutaminyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzene (GDHB) or catechol or 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA). WebMAGICKAL HOODOO VOODOO HEALING SUPERFOODS. Without adequate vitamin D, our genome would completely destabilize, and immune balance would become disturbed, so the reduction of melanin to augment vitamin D status likely saved the lives of humans who migrated to cooler climates. 2017 The Author(s). A biosynthesis pathway for fungal DOPA-melanin, proposed by [11], is shown in Figure2, which strongly resembles the pathway found in mammalian cells, though some of the details may differ. Scientists have identified three forms of melanin in humans: eumelanin. For example, melanized fungal species as Cladosporium spp., Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Hormoconis resinae were found to colonize the walls of the damaged reactor at Chernobyl where they are exposed to a high constant radiation field [18, 19]. WebThis volume goes over the brain hemispheres, history of religion, Black founders of civilization, the Sun, cosmology and cosmogony, the subjective and objective realms of being, analysis of cosmological system and view of man, spiritual anatomy of man, types of man and the cultivation of the spiritual man, the Tree of Life initiation system, All the mice were administered high levels of radiation, far surpassing the dose considered dangerous for humans. 100% Health cracked, 100% Universal Laws (operating here cracked, how to take advantage), In 100% describes Biblical Law of Jesus Christ which operates in this reality and leads Therefore it is logical to ask whether the consumption of melanin from fungi might protect those higher on the food chainlike humansfrom radiation exposure. Back To Tokyo Vittorio Brena LABEL: Yesenia GENRE: Deep House RELEASED: 2023-02-17 DOWNLOAD SIZE:: 17,32 MB TRACKS 1. The development of these higher cognitive processes allowed for the materialization of sophisticated technologies, the agrarian revolution, hierarchical social structure, and advanced human civilizations. 28. Ekaterina Revskaya et al., Compton Scattering by Internal Shields Basedon Melanin-Containing Mushrooms Provides Protection of GastrointestinalTract from Ionizing Radiation,Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals27, no. Scientists have identified three forms of melanin in humans: eumelanin. A study performed with melanin nanoparticles as biocompatible drug nanocarriers, using metronidazole (antibiotic drug), showed that melanin could be a very interesting nanocarrier drug release device because it strongly responds to pH, being a very interesting feature for the treatment of intestine and colon diseases, which would greatly benefit with pH targeting [142]. Melanin: What Makes Black People Black. Rate this book. The melanin can also function as a carrier for nerve growth factor due to the ability to get nerve growth factor across the blood-brain barrier, and this is the major advantage over conventional therapy. The probable mechanisms of radioprotection by melanin appear to be modulated in pro-survival pathways, immune system, and prevention of oxidative stress. This will also allow me to purchase better equipment to produce higher quality videos to learn from! Melanin, the What, the Why and the How: An Introductory Review for Materials Scientists Interested in Flexible and Versatile Polymers. Packed with knowledge of the food of the gods. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. This study demonstrated that toxin-induced Parkinsons disease could be prevented in the melanin-treated animals because the administered melanin causes chelation or scavenging of toxins, such as MPTP, thus preventing a neurodegenerative disease, such as Parkinsons disease. 306 ratings 30 reviews. Most Ascomycota fungi synthesize DHN-melanin from the polyketide synthase pathway, whereas few species are able to produce melanin through L-DOPA, in a pathway that resembles mammalian melanin biosynthesis [1113]. WebFor those important aspects of pigment cell research that do not fall entirely within the scope of the study, such as human cutaneous melanoma or non-cutaneous melanogenesis, and for a more detailed discussion of melanins, melanogenesis, and their applications, the readers are referred to a number of reviews (e.g. The melanin-silver nanostructures with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against food pathogens also have potential applicability in food processing and food packaging industries [124]. Uploaded by Genres History. These results confirmed that fungal melanin could be used as component of photoprotective creams mainly for its free radical scavenging rather than its light absorption properties. An ideal pigment-producing microorganism should be capable of using a wide range of C and N sources; must be tolerant to pH, temperature, and minerals concentration; and must give reasonable pigments yield. The pigment production capability of fungal species belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Epicoccum, Lecanicillium, and Fusarium was evaluated in different culture media, and the results showed that the complex media, as potato dextrose (PD) and malt extract (ME), favored increased pigment production [47]. This book could save your life! Wheat bran extract, L-tyrosine, and CuSO4 represent the best combination of medium components to obtain the maximum melanin yield from the fungus A. auricula in submerged culture [73]. 26. Lora Mangum Shields, L. W. Durrell, and Arnold H. Sparrow,Preliminary Observations on Radiosensitivity of Algae and Fungifrom Soils of the Nevada Test Site,Ecology42, no. The purpose of this chapter involves a comprehensive discussion of the research on fungal melanin, including the recently discovered biological activities and the potential use of this pigment for several biotechnological applications. This study confirmed the possible use of melanin-coated nanoparticles for protecting against radiotoxicity during radioimmunotherapy [117]. A great deal of the research at present defy a comprehensive standards based approach. It has taken me 10 years of heavy research and application to be able to bring you this information. A study conducted in our laboratory evaluated the use of corn steep liquor, sugarcane bagasse, and molasses as nutritional source on pigment production by melanin-overproducing mutant (MEL1) from A. nidulans. In particular, it can be considered a promising material for sensors and photovoltaic devices, due to broadband spectral absorbance and charge transport properties [128]. neuromelanin. A second group of mice was fed white, melanin-poor porcini mushrooms, a third group ate white porcini mushrooms that were supplemented with melanin, and a final control group received no mushrooms or melanin at all. Watch on QUALIFIED IMMUNITY PACKAGES POLICE STOP/ LAW & GOV FLASHCARDS (PSFC) & (LGFC) Bull [89] identified dopachrome (indole 5,6-quinone 2-carboxylic acid) and melanochrome (indole 5,6-quinone), which are intermediates in the DOPA-melanin pathway, in A. nidulans mutants defective in the production of melanin. Mice treated with melanin-coated nanoparticles have higher white blood cell and platelet counts than control mice after radiation treatment [117]. Among the physical properties of melanin, the electrical conductivity is one of the most interesting to investigate in the perspective of technological application. Studies in our laboratory showed that melanin extracted from hyperpigment-productive mutant (MEL1) of A. nidulans has the ability to scavenge the biological oxidants, as HOCl, and may be a promising material in cosmetic formulations to protect the skin against possible oxidative damage [31]. This strategy may be used to improve nanomaterials with potential applications as efficient catalysts and electrocatalysts. Melanin is a substance in the skin that produces skin pigmentation. Ekaterina Dadachova and Arturo Casadevall, Ionizing Radiation: How FungiCope, Adapt, and Exploit with the Help of Melanin,Current Opinion inMicrobiology11, no. Microorganisms are also more feasible sources of pigments in comparison to pigments extracted from plants and animals because they do not have seasonal constraints, do not compete for limited farming land with actual foods, and can be produced easily in the cheap culture medium with high yields [16]. Keywords fungi pigment melanin Very likely, melanin photoprotection is also due to its ability to quench excited states of certain molecules and scavenge ROS that may be generated in pigmented cells [126]. Classics Collection (Illustrated), Spain: Truth behind the Myth: A Foreignor's Personal Perspective, Free Men And Dreamers Volume 2: Twilights Last Gleaming, Crashing Down - A Post-Apocalyptic Novel (The Ravaged Land Series Book 3), Multidimensional Systems: Signal Processing and Modeling Techniques: Volume 69, Trade Dress and Design Law Elective Series (Elective (Aspen)), Julius Caesar: To the Banks of the Rubicon - The Story of the Roman People vol. Melanin, the What, the Why and the How: An Introductory Review for Materials Scientists Interested in Flexible and Versatile Polymers. Therefore, the pigmented biomass of the MEL1 mutant may be considered as a promising biosorbents for removal/recovery of the rare earth elements from wastewater due to the presence of the melanin increase significantly metal complexing capacity, improving the efficiency of biosorption process [157]. 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