[15] Under a memorandum of August 27, 1945, CIC was ordered to cease its investigation of wartime collaborators in the Philippines on September 2nd and turn over all records, together with over 5,000 interned Filipinos charged with treason, collaboration and subversive activities, to the Department of Justice of the Philippine Commonwealth Government. Their operation plan decreed a five-pronged attack: one task force to establish a seaplane base at Tulagi in the lower Solomons, one to establish a seaplane base in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of New Guinea, one of transports to land troops near Port Moresby, one with a light carrier to cover the landing, and one with two fleet carriers to sink the Allied forces sent in response. By the end of the day on 23 April the 186th Infantry were about halfway to Lake Sentani, while those from the 162nd had secured Hollandia and were securing the high ground around their objective, winkling out isolated pockets of resistance with aerial support. }); The Capture and Exploitation of Japanese Records during World War II, From Rabaul to Stack 190: The Travels of a Famous Japanese Army Publication., Japanese War Crimes and Related Records: A Guide to Records in the National Archives,, The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,, The Sinking of the Japanese Submarine I-1 off of Guadalcanal and the Recovery of its Secret Documents., A Letter from Somewhere in Burma, June 1944, Seventy Years Ago: The Makin Island Raid, August 1942., The Marines and Japanese Souvenirs on Guadalcanal August-October 1942, Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942., The National Archives Arthur Evarts Kimberly and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Sections Document Restoration Sub-Section, 1944-1945., The Z Plan Story: Japans 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part I, Allied Translator and Interpreter Section. Most important of all, the bombers of MacArthur's air forces, under the command of Lieutenant General George C. Kenney, had been modified to enable new offensive tactics. The Dutch East Indies fell into Japan's sphere. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. Their noses had been refitted with eight 50-caliber machine guns for strafing slow-moving ships on the high seas. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. . This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. ", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 60, planes and PTs went about the sickening business of killing survivors in boats, rafts or wreckage. The landings were undertaken simultaneously with the amphibious invasion of Aitape ("Operation Persecution") to the east. [6], The struggle for New Guinea began with the capture by the Japanese of the city of Rabaul at the northeastern tip of New Britain Island in January 1942 (the Allies responded with multiple bombing raids, of which the action off Bougainville was one). During the landing, the first JICPOA team accompanied the invasion forces. A fire caused by Allied bombing continued to burn in the Japanese supply dump for several days and later attracted the attention of a Japanese bomber, which attacked the beach area late on 23 April, resulting in more fires and killing 24 and wounding 100 more. During mid-May American forces intercepted a Japanese landing craft near Arare that carried material for reinforcing the Japanese-held islands offshore of New Guinea that were to be attacked as part of the Wakde-Sarmi Bay Operation. [17], After this failure, the Japanese decided on a longer term, two-pronged assault for their next attempt on Port Moresby. While MacArthur sought eight days worth of support from the fleet's powerful fleet carriers, Nimitz would only agree to commit this force for two days after the landings. In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the leaders of the Allied nations agreed to this change in strategy focusing on neutralizing Rabaul rather than capturing it.[50]. [65][18] In mid-July, the Japanese launched their counterattack with around 20,000 troops, resulting in heavy fighting further inland during the Battle of Driniumor River. [46] Yamamoto then turned his attention to New Guinea: 94 planes struck Oro Bay on 11 April; 174 planes hit Port Moresby on 12 April; and in the largest raid of all, 188 aircraft struck Milne Bay on 14 April. Having been organized along lines completely unorthodox, these were invaluable documents to the G-2 Section, especially as this Force was a major enemy unit on the left flank near La Union, Luzon, at that time. [12] Initially, the intelligence product of JICPOA received no CINCPAC-CINCPOA authentication. Other organizations were established throughout the Pacific Theater to translate and exploit the records. The brief spurt of books in 1943 and 1944, when Japanese were able to visit the occupied Dutch East Indies, dealt mainly with Dutch New Guinea, and then only in a very rudimentary way. The Japanese defended Biak valiantly, even managing at one point to bring in 1,100 reinforcements, but they were finally overcome in early August. In March 1943, a document was captured showing the submarine schedule between Lae, New Guinea, and New Britain. [13] See Seventy Years Ago: Colonel Sidney F. Mashbir and the Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ATIS), September-October 1942.. In September 1945 they seized in Singapore important documentary evidence of war crimes, including photographs showing captured Indian soldiers being executed for refusing to join with Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army. By the end of the war, ATIS had processed over 350,000 documents (or 1,680 cubic feet of records).[17]. Only 30 percent of the captured documents needed no treatment; the rest needed cleaning, drying, and/or other conservation treatment. His contemplated offensive against Wau died a-borning. This resulted in considerable fatigue for the air crews. (Map 2) Invasion of Dutch New Guinea. All elements, with the exception of the twenty-man garrison had returned to Bantam Bay by 3 April. Report No. Urgent information was extracted before rushing the documents on to the Advanced Echelon where they were sorted, stamped, examined, and translated as necessary. MacArthur's rollback began with the 16 November 1942 22 January 1943 Battle of Buna-Gona. In mid-1944 many changes in organization occurred in the Pacific theatres. Allied planners believed that the two beaches were connected by a road, and that another road suitable for vehicle traffic ran inland towards Lake Sentani. [57] Stephen R. Taaffe reached a similar conclusion. The campaign between Allied and Japanese forces commenced with the Japanese assault on Rabaul on 23 January 1942. The plane in which Fukudome was flying also crashed into the sea, near the island of Cebu. After the Japanese invasion of New Guinea the Americans, aided by Australian troops, organized a series of landings and other offensive actions against the Japanese in New Guinea. In late 1943, the Information Section was given the task of writing Briefs consisting of a summary and highlights of Enemy Publications and Current Translations. The landings at Hollandia and Aitape were followed just four weeks later by landings at Wakde, Sarmi and Toem, to the west. All of these factors had to be taken into account in determining the lines of advance in 1944. Rabaul became the forward base for the Japanese campaigns in mainland New Guinea, including the pivotal Kokoda Track campaign of July 1942 - January 1943, and the Battle of Buna-Gona. [18] A large number of Japanese aircraft were stationed at airfields near Hollandia in March 1944. The landing was supported by carrier-based aircraft of the U.S. 5th Fleet, which had also struck Japanese air installations at Wakde and Sarmi to the northwest. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. The Allies proceeded to turn the island into an air base. Earlier, during the Leyte campaign, important documents and diaries were captured by CIC detachments indicating the collaboration of a prominent police officer. [23] The Australian and American anti-aircraft gunners of the Composite Anti-Aircraft Defences played a crucial part. Documents were first captured from a Japanese plane downed in the Pearl Harbor attack. Then began the grueling Kokoda Track campaign, a brutal experience for both the Japanese and Australian troops involved. Accordingly, the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, directed on September 22, 1944, that Advanced Allied Translator and Interpreter Section (ADVATIS) be established in the immediate vicinity of General Headquarters at Hollandia. Rabaul overlooks Simpson Harbor, a considerable natural anchorage, and was ideal for the construction of airfields. The stores situation in the forward area grew more urgent as the supply line up the single road broke down. The submarine picked up the documents on May 11th and sailed to Darwin. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. the strategic base on New Britain (now part of Papua New Guinea), on January 23, 1942. Approval was granted four days later. ATIS Inventories were also prepared. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. He was thrown into his own jail.[15]. With the occupation of Morotai, the long drive up the New Guinea coast was strategically completed. If the transports succeeded in staying behind a weather front and were protected the whole way by fighters from the various airfields surrounding the Bismarck Sea, they might make it to Lae with an acceptable level of loss, i.e., at worst half the task force would be sunk en route. In the meantime another landing was made at Aitape in Australian New Guinea, about 125 miles (roughly 200 km) southeast of Hollandia, where Australian engineers soon completed an airstrip. After the occupation of Hollandia and Aitape the Allies were in a strong position, but they did not stop there. At Anguar Island in the Western Carolinas in early September 1944, agents from the 81st CIC Detachment, with the 81st Infantry Division, captured a large volume of records, including blueprints, books, miscellaneous documents, files, 40 pounds of mail, and Japanese currency and coins. In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. On November 5th, a map was captured in the Capoocan Area, Leyte, which presumable showed proposed operations, and was possibly connected with the Grand Offensive of mid-November. [8] ICPOAs first officer in charge was Cmdr. 10, Restoration of Captured Documents (June 28, 1945). [34], Wau is a village in the interior of the Papuan peninsula, approximately 50 kilometres (30mi) southwest of Salamaua. region: "", This bombardment was augmented with air strikes from carrier-borne aircraft, while two destroyer-minesweepers, Long and Hogan, swept the bay ahead of the main landing force. The landing was unopposed as the enemy garrison indicated its intention of surrendering by hoisting a white flag at the first sight of the invasion force. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. There were also other ATIS publications, based on captured documents and interrogations, such as Advanced Echelon Reports, Philippine Series Translations, and Interrogation Spot Reports. Adachi ignored this order, and instead decided to concentrate his troops at Hansa Bay and Wewak. The story of the capture and return of the Z documents is detailed in Appendix II. [64][66] Both Humboldt and Tanahmerah were developed with naval base, ammunition, repair and fuel facilities. [7], MacArthur met with the commander of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, at Brisbane between 25 and 27 March to discuss the role of the Navy in the operation. However, using 27 tons, at 40 lbs. While military planners argued the merits of one approach over another, two main lines of attack were actually followed during 1944: (1) MacArthurs ground forces (including Army, Marine, and Navy elements) strengthened their hold in New Guinea and eventually invaded the Philippines; (2) Nimitzs naval forces drove across the central Pacific from the Gilberts to the Marianas and then covered the landing in the Philippines. Later, the procedure was altered again to cope with the tons of documents captured at main Japanese bases. The Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA), had its origins in the Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (ICPOA) which had been established on July 14, 1942 in Hawaii as Admiral Chester W. Nimitz intelligence center. (1944), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Guinea_campaign&oldid=1136220909, 44,000 on Bougainville (politically a part of New Guinea), 30,500 on New Britain, New Ireland, and the Admiralty Islands. Many of the captured documents provided significant intelligence to General Douglas MacArthurs forces in the SWPA. They were discontinued with the dissolution of the Philippine Island Research Section of ATIS on October 9, 1944. The beach was narrow, though, and only allowed two LCMs to land at a time, while the even bigger LSTs had to remain offshore where they were cross loaded on to LVTs. Over 170 were published, including many extracts from diaries and notebooks. [4] See The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,. They totaled 104 in number. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. Task Force 74, under British Rear Admiral Victor Crutchley, consisted of the cruisers HMAS Australia and Shropshire plus several destroyers, while Task Force 75 was made up of three U.S. cruisers, Phoenix, Nashville and Boise under Rear Admiral Russell Berkey. In addition, ATIS officers collaborated in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese . "[19] Thus was the overland threat to Port Moresby permanently removed. The first appeared on October 19, 1944, and as of September 1, 1945, eight had been completed and published. Joining JICPOA once it became an inter-service organization were some 50 US Army Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Nisei linguists. An A B and C priority system was established; with A being documents of operational value; B being documents of probable or general value; and, C being documents containing information of no apparent value. This procedure called for all documents to be briefly examined, and those of operational value segregated from those having probable or general value and those having no apparent military value, and provisions were made for the translation on a priority bases of those sections of documents containing information of operational value. In May 1945 ADVATIS followed the advance of General Headquarters into Manila. The battle was an unqualified success for the Allied forces, resulting in a withdrawal by the Japanese to a new strategic defense line in the west of New Guinea and the abandonment of all positions in the east of the island. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. I Corps, became commander of the newly formed U.S. 8th Army. [42], " 'The Boeing [B-25] is most terrifying,' wrote one survivor in his diary. [30][31] The decision to undertake these operations simultaneously stretched Allied shipping and logistics resources, and necessitated reallocating resources from other theaters and roles. Between November 1943 and March 1944 18 Squadron was ordered to prevent Japanese reinforcements reaching the north-east part of Papua and New Guinea. [20], Since Port Moresby was the only port supporting operations in Papua, its defence was critical to the campaign. Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger, previously commander of the U.S. To ease the congestion on White 1, 11 LSTs were landed off White 2, while engineers from the 2nd Engineer Special Brigade worked to clear the beach, shifting stores and equipment into Jautefa Bay. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. At midnight on 19-20 December 1941 the Japanese attacked the island of Timor. 16 dealt with interrogation of captured American B-24 air crews; No. Once the war ended, Southeast Asia Command Field Security Sections were assigned to seize records that, among other things, could be used for the prosecution of war criminals. When the Allied forces began to advance, more documents were captured and a much higher proportion was official. The plane in which Koga was flying crashed at sea, with no survivors. 3, Glossary of military terms encountered in Japanese documents; No. This translation aided materially in speeding up the execution of the subsequent attack on Saipan and other Japanese bases in the Pacific, which occurred shortly thereafter. Base G played an important role as a staging area for subsequent operations in New Guinea and the Philippines. [53], Meanwhile, the infantry continued their advance inland. Over 120 of these Research Reports were published. Historians acknowledge that the deciphering of the Z Plan was one of the greatest single intelligence feats of the war in the South West Pacific Area. The quantity and type of documents captured from the Japanese varied widely. January 23, 1942 - August 1945. author Paul Bocu, 2019. [9] The documents were quickly brought back to Hawaii. 2 in May 1943. 39 with Navy Operations, Plans and Orders (1941-1944). In many instances these organizations were staffed with translators trained in military and naval language schools in the United States. [12] General Headquarters South West Pacific Area Operational Instruction No.7 of 25 May 1942, issued by Commander-Allied-Forces, General Douglas MacArthur, placed all Australian and US Army, Air Force and Navy Forces in the Port Moresby Area under the control of New Guinea Force. [5] During the Guadalcanal campaign a large quantity of documents were captured, including ones retrieved from the Japanese submarine I-1, just offshore.[6]. While captured records were quickly evaluated in the field, almost all were eventually sent back to Hawaii, and some of those on to the Washington Document Center in Washington, D.C.[12] Although JICPOA was a major player in the captured documents intelligence business, it was ATIS, however, during the war years that handled the most documents. . [ 15 ] prominent police officer return of the captured documents significant... And was ideal for the construction of airfields the campaign between Allied and Japanese forces commenced with the invasion! 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